Are the Earth and the Moon compositionally alike? Inferences on lunar composition and implications for lunar origin and evolution from geophysical modeling

The main objective of the present study is to discuss in detail the results obtained from an inversion of the Apollo lunar seismic data set, lunar mass, and moment of inertia. We inverted directly for lunar chemical composition and temperature using the model system CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2. Using Gibbs free energy minimization, stable mineral phases at the temperatures and pressures of interest, their modes and physical properties are calculated. We determine the compositional range of the oxide elements, thermal state, Mg#, mineralogy and physical structure of the lunar interior, as well as constraining core size and density. The results indicate a lunar mantle mineralogy that is dominated by olivine and orthopyroxene ( 80 vol%), with the remainder being composed of clinopyroxene and an aluminous phase (plagioclase, spinel, and garnet present in the depth ranges 0–150 km, 150–200 km, and >200 km, respectively). This model is broadly consistent with constraints on mantle mineralogy derived from the experimental and observational study of the phase lationships and trace element compositions of lunar mare basalts and picritic glasses. In particular, by melting a typical model mantle composition using the pMELTS algorithm, we found that a range of batch melts generated from these models have features in common with low Ti mare basalts and picritic glasses. Our results also indicate a bulk lunar composition and Mg# different to that of the Earth’s upper mantle, represented by the pyrolite composition. This difference is reflected in a lower bulk lunar Mg# ( 0.83). Results also indicate a small iron-like core with a radius around 340 km.The Carlsberg Foundation, NER

Four relational programs

Relational programming is a style of programming in which entire relations are manipulated as data and in which programs are also considered relations. Extensive use is made of higher-order, finite and infinite relations and functions. This report demonstrates the relational programming language RPL by using it to develop four programs: (1) computing work frequencies from text; (2) minimizing deterministic finite state automata; (3) Gaussian elimination; and (4) a simple data processing example involving updating an employee file. Appendix A shows transcripts of executions of the programs on the Brown and Mitton interpreter. The reader is presumed to be familiar with RPL. for convenience, however, Appendix B contains the RPL grammar, and Appendix C describes the language accepted by the Brown and Mitton interpreterRelational programming, functional programming, relations, relational algebra, relational calculus, applicative programming, logic programming, combinator, very-high level language, Gaussian elimination, finite state automata, higher order functionsSupported by Contract from the Office of Naval Research.http://archive.org/details/fourrelationalpr00maclN0001485WR24057N

Experience with [omega]: Implementation of a prototype programming environment, Part V

This is the fifth report of a series exploring the use of the £7 programming notation to prototype a programming environment. This environment includes an interpreter, unparser, syntax directed editor, command interpreter, debugger and code generator, and supports programming in a small applicative language. The present report presents a code generator operating on abstract syntax trees. The code generation process is implemented as an evaluator over a nonstandard domain. An implementation of the code generator is listed in the appendices.supported by Contract from the Office of Naval Researchhttp://archive.org/details/experiencewithom05maclN0001485WR24092NAApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited

Path Creation by Continuous Flocking as an Example of a Morphogenetic Programming Language

Artificial morphogenesis uses processes inspired by embryology to control massive swarms of robots to assemble complex physical structures. First, we use an example morphogenetic program to illustrate a prototype implementation of morphgen, a morphogenetic programming language. The syntax and semantics are described informally as illustrated by the example program, which is included in its entirety in an appendix. Another appendix includes a complete formal grammar for the current version of the language. Next, we describe the results of a series of experiments with the program, which simulates a continuous swarm of microscopic agents creating paths from an origin to a destination while avoiding obstacles. We present the effects of various parameters and of alternative ways of accomplishing particular purposes

The Synmac Syntax Macroprocessor: Introduction and Manual, Version 5

A syntax macroprocessor permits parameterized text substitutions with greater syntactic flexibility than allowed with ordinary macroprocessors. This report describes the \emph{synmac} syntax macroprocessor, which permits arbitrarily delimited macro invocations, and thus allows the definition of new statement and expression forms or even complete languages. Synmac is a computationally complete programming language. We define the synmac macro language, document a prototype implementation, and give examples of its use

Natürliches und künstliches Bewusstsein

Based on results from evolutionary psychology, we discuss important functions that can be served by consciousness in autonomous robots. These include deliberately controlled action, conscious awareness, self-awareness, metacognition, and ego consciousness. We distinguish intrinsic intentionality from consciousness, but argue it is also important to understanding robot cognition. Finally, we explore the Hard Problem for robots (i.e., whether they can experience subjective awareness) from the perspective of the theory of protophenomena.En s’appuyant sur les résultats de la psychologie évolutionniste, nous examinons les différentes fonctions importantes que puisse remplir la conscience dans les robots autonomes : action contrôlée, prise de conscience, conscience de soi, métacognition, conscience du moi. Nous distinguons l’intentionnalité intrinsèque de la conscience, mais soutenons également l’importance de la compréhension de la cognition robotique. Enfin, nous étudions le « Hard Problem » concernant les robots, c’est-à-dire la question de savoir s’ils peuvent connaître une prise de conscience subjective, dans une perspective de la théorie du protophénomène.Ausgehend von Erkenntnissen der Evolutionären Psychologie untersucht dieser Beitrag wichtige Funktionen, die das Bewusstsein autonomer Roboter ausfüllen kann. Gemeint sind willkürlich kontrolliertes Handeln, bewusstes Wahrnehmen, Eigenwahrnehmung, Metaerkenntnis sowie Bewusstsein des eigenen Selbst. Der Verfasser unterscheidet zwischen intrinsischer Intentionalität und Bewusstsein, führt jedoch das Argument ins Feld, dass es ebenso wichtig sei, die Erkenntnisweise eines Roboters zu verstehen. Abschließend wird, aus dem Blickwinkel der Theorie von den Protophänomenen, das für Roboter „schwierige Problem” untersucht, d.h. die Frage, ob sie zu subjektiver Wahrnehmung fähig sind

Introduction to relational programming

A new method of programming, called relational programming, is introduced. This is a style of programming in which entire relations are manipulated rather than individual data. This is analogous to functional programming, wherein entire functions are the value manipulated by the operators. Because of its ability to manipulate complex data structures other than lists, relational programming seems to have distinct advantages over other very high level languages. This paper introduces the basic concepts of relational programming and a preliminary notation for expressing them; it does not define a programming language, per se. (Author)Prepared for: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California 93940. -- Cover.http://archive.org/details/introductiontore00maclN0001481WR10034N

Exploring the ‘middle ground’ between state and market: the example of China

Studies of housing systems lying in the ‘middle ground’ between state and market are subject to three important shortcomings. First, the widely used Esping-Andersen (EA) approach assesses only a subset of the key housing outcomes and may be less helpful for describing changes in housing policy regimes. Second, there is too much emphasis on tenure transitions, and an assumed close correspondence between tenure labels and effective system functioning may not be valid. Third, due attention has not been given to the spatial dimensions in which housing systems operate, in particular when housing policies have a significant devolved or localised emphasis. Updating EA’s framework, we suggest a preliminary list of housing system indicators in order to capture the nature of the housing systems being developed and devolved. We verified the applicability of this indicator system with the case of China. This illustrates clearly the need for a more nuanced and systematic basis for categorising differences and changes in welfare and housing policies

Determining information for inclusion in a decision-support intervention for clinical trial participation : A modified Delphi approach

Peer reviewedPostprin